内蒙古草原家庭牧场可持续发展研究

内蒙古草原作为全球干旱、半干旱区的重要组成部分，是诸多研究关注的热点区域。家庭牧场作为内蒙古草原基本的生产和管理单元，探析其可持续发展有助于为实现区域可持续发展提供科学依据。本研究阐述了内蒙古草原家庭牧场的形成历程及定义；并分别侧重自然生态系统、社会经济系统、自然-经济-社会复合生态系统3个方面总结了其研究进展；最后分别在坚持草牧业发展理念、依托景观可持续性科学指导、加强3个界面耦合研究、扩展沙地草原、关注未来发展模式、重视技术支撑等6个方面就内蒙古草原家庭牧场进行了研究展望。希望本研究在为内蒙古草原可持续发展提供科学支撑的同时，亦能为全球干旱、半干旱草原区的可持续发展提供参考。     

镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区水域生态修复效果的监测与评价

自2006年以来,长江豚类极度濒危的生存状况得到广泛关注,在其自然保护区实施一系列生态修复工程,为镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区内的江豚提供良好的生存环境。于2015—2018年在和畅洲水域建设生态浮岛、人工鱼巢和放流底栖动物进行水域生态修复,对生态修复工程进行跟踪监测和效果评价。结果表明：生态浮岛的建设可提高区域内浮游植物和浮游动物的生物多样性和群落结构复杂程度;人工鱼巢对产黏性卵鱼类具有一定增殖效果,增殖种类主要为鲤、鲫、䱗和黄尾鲴;生态浮岛和人工鱼巢的建设对鱼类均有较好的聚集效果;底栖动物增殖放流显著增加了放流物种的丰度、生物量及保护区底栖动物群落生物量,增殖放流效果评价为中等。该自然保护区水域生态修复效果明显,为工程施工影响下水生生物保护区生态修复提供科学依据。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原固碳量及固碳潜力估算

为了评价不同放牧强度对草原固碳量及固碳潜力的影响，本研究采用系统动力学建模方法耦合CASA光合利用率模型、Shiyomi放牧模型、Raich土壤呼吸模型等模型，建立了基于系统动力学库-流思路的碳循环模型，该模型包含3个子系统、4个碳库。结果表明：1998至2015年，在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的温度降低、降水量增加的背景下，净初级生产力呈现升高的趋势，典型草原土壤固碳量呈现下降趋势；放牧强度在3羊·公顷^-1下净生态系统初级生产力最低，固碳潜力最大，分别为-16.2 gC·m^-2和24.84 TgC。因此，建议内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原西部（阿巴嘎旗、那仁宝力格站）的放牧强度不宜超过1.5羊·公顷^-1；东部（多伦县、东乌珠穆沁、西乌珠穆沁、锡林浩特站）不宜超过4.5羊·公顷^-1。     

文本挖掘下的话语认知与构建——以人工智能和5G领域白宫新闻文本为例

[目的/意义]政府新闻文本是政策文本的表达形式之一。对政府新闻文本进行挖掘分析,能直观的展现表面动态,揭示对话事件的立场及其背后关系,能对情报分析工作、中国新型智库的发展建设,提供有效的助力。[方法/过程]文章利用TextRank算法进行核心句提取,并结合批评话语分析理论框架来做评估,以语料驱动从关键句、关键词两个宏观角度讨论政府决策态度,以词性从话语策略的微观角度总结美国官方对人工智能和5G领域的话语认知形象。[结果/结论]通过分析可以看出,美国政府对于人工智能和5G领域的态度将持续保持在“政府引领下的美国需优先”这一局面,面对发展中国家的科技竞争,增加政府政策性文本的指导无疑是最好的对策建议。     

Evidence of cormorant‐induced mortality,disparate migration strategies and repeatable circadian rhythm in the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus): A telemetry study mapping the postspawning migration

Life history theory predicts a trade‐off between migration and residency where migration is favoured when it infers elevated fitness. Although migration to more favourable environments may offer higher growth rates, migrants often experience increased mortality due to predation. Here, we investigated mortality and migration behaviour of the North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus), an anadromous salmonid endemic to the Wadden Sea. We used acoustic telemetry to map the migration of the only remaining indigenous population by applying stationary hydrophones combined with manual tracking. Data suggested a total mortality of 26%, with 30% of the total mortality attributed to predation by great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), highlighting that North Sea houting conservation could be jeopardised by increased cormorant predation. Risk of cormorant predation was size‐dependent, with smaller fish suffering higher risk of predation. The study found North Sea houting to exhibit disparate migration strategies and identified a lentic area in the estuary as an important habitat. Two newly established artificial lakes within the river system significantly reduced the migration speeds, possibly indicating constrained navigation through the lakes. The migration into the Wadden Sea correlated with temperature perhaps indicating osmoregulatory constraints of sea entry. Unlike many salmonid species, migration occurred both day and night. Moreover, fish exhibited repeatable individual differences in diel activity patterns, suggesting that individuals differ consistently in their migratory activity throughout the 24‐hr period. Our study provides novel information on salmonid migration, which is crucial for the development of science‐based conservation strategies.     

A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide and medical air for abdominal insufflation on respiratory parameters in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination

AIMS: To determine if abdominal insufflation with medical air will improve oxygenation and ventilation parameters when compared to insufflation with CO₂ in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI).

METHODS: Forty-seven sheep underwent oestrus synchronisation and were fasted for 24 hours prior to laparoscopic AI. Each animal was randomised to receive either CO₂ or medical air for abdominal insufflation. An auricular arterial catheter was placed and utilised for serial blood sampling. Respiratory rates (RR) and arterial blood samples were collected at baseline, after xylazine (0.1?mg/kg I/V) sedation, 2 minutes after Trendelenburg positioning, 5 minutes after abdominal insufflation, and 10 minutes after being returned to a standing position. Blood samples were collected in heparinised syringes, stored on ice, and analysed for arterial pH, partial pressure of arterial O₂ (PaO₂), and CO₂ (PaCO₂). The number of ewes conceiving to AI was also determined.

RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated temporal effects on RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂ and arterial pH during the laparoscopic AI procedure (p<0.001), but no difference between insufflation groups (p>0.01). No sheep experienced hypercapnia (PaCO₂>50?mmHg) or acidaemia (pH<7.35). Hypoxaemia (PaO₂<70?mmHg) was diagnosed during the procedure in 14/22 (64%) ewes in the CO₂ group compared with 8/23 (35%) ewes in the medical air group (p=0.053). Overall, 15/20 (75%) ewes in the CO₂ group conceived to AI compared with 16/22 (72.7%) in the medical air group (p=0.867).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There were no statistical or clinical differences in RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, or conception to AI when comparing the effects of CO₂ and medical air as abdominal insufflation gases. None of the sheep experienced hypercapnia or acidaemic, yet 42% (19/45) of sheep developed clinical hypoxaemia, with a higher percentage of ewes in the CO₂ group developing hypoxaemia than in the medical air group. Based on the overall analysis, medical air could be utilised as a comparable alternative for abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic AI procedures.     

野生樱桃资源在甜樱桃人工授粉中的应用探讨

以3种野生樱桃资源为供试材料,比较了花粉烘制方式和贮藏温度对供试材料花粉萌芽率的影响,评价了供试材料花粉对甜樱桃品种座果率的影响。结果表明：常温干燥皿烘制花粉萌发率显著高于培养箱烘制；水+10mg/L硼酸+20%蔗糖为测定供试材料花粉活力的适宜培养基；毛樱桃、中国樱桃、‘黄蜜’花粉在4℃冷藏30天的萌发率均高于40%；毛樱桃、中国樱桃和山樱桃花粉与3个甜樱桃品种的异花授粉平均坐果率可达到40%。作者认为,供试野生樱桃资源的花粉萌发和贮藏特性,以及与甜樱桃品种的异花授粉亲和性与供试甜樱桃品种花粉类似,在甜樱桃人工授粉中具有较大的应用价值。     

混播比例对三江源人工草地植被和土壤养分特征的影响

建植混播人工草地是修复三江源黑土滩退化草地的有效措施，但不同混播比例下植被和土壤养分特征的变化尚不明确。以垂穗披碱草、中华羊茅和青海草地早熟禾分别按1∶1∶1（M₄），2∶1∶1（M₅），1∶2∶1（M₆），1∶1∶2（M₇），2∶2∶1（M₈），2∶1∶2（M₉）和1∶2∶2（M₁₀）建植混播人工草地，并以各组分单播为对照，研究生产力、物种多样性、超产效应、多样性净效应（包括互补效应和选择效应）和土壤养分特征的变化，并采用多准则决策模型-TOPSIS进行综合评价，以筛选最佳混播比例，以期为三江源退化草地生态修复提供科学依据。结果表明：混播处理地上生物量显著高于中华羊茅和青海草地早熟禾单播的生物量，但显著低于垂穗披碱草单播处理，混播处理地上生物量在M₅、M₈、M₉和M₁₀处理较高。而地下生物量在混播处理间无显著差异。混播处理中，仅M₅、M₈、M₉和M₁₀处理存在超产，达40.4~71.1 g·m^-2。M₄和M₆处理的多样性净效应均小于0，说明由于物种竞争导致群落减产。而M₇~M₁₀混播处理的多样性净效应均大于0，说明物种生态位的互补使得群落高产。M₈和M₉处理中互补效应和选择效应共同主导了超产效应，而M₅和M₁₀处理中主要由互补作用主导超产效应。表层土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量在M₆、M₇和M₁₀混播处理中较高。TOPSIS模型综合评价表明，M₁₀混播处理不但可保持较高的生产力，还可显著提高土壤的养分含量，是三江源区人工草地建植的理想混播比例。     

基于遥感指数的草原火后植被恢复研究

草原火是草原生态系统重要的干扰因子，严重影响着系统的结构与功能。基于遥感数据，以2015年“4·16”特大草原火灾为例，利用ENVI和ArcGIS等软件，分别对NDVI和GPP指数及火烧严重度下的植被恢复过程进行定量分析。结果表明，基于NDVI和GPP指数的火后植被恢复过程表现相似，不同年份植被恢复情况存在一定差异。火灾发生当年（2015年）火烧迹地植被恢复状况高于未发生火灾区域，而在火后第1年（2016年）却又稍低于未发生火灾区域，直到火后第2年（2017年），火烧迹地植被基本恢复到火前状态。同时，不同火烧严重度下的植被恢复过程在存在明显差异。草原火灾发生后当年（2015年），中强度火烧下植被恢复最好，其次是轻度，重度表现最差。草原火烧严重度对植被恢复的影响，主要表现在火后第1个植被生长季。在之后的年份里，由于草原更新能力强大，不同火烧严重度对草原植被的影响不明显。本研究可丰富草原火灾及火烧迹地植被恢复等相关研究成果，同时为草原火灾管理和草原生态系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。